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London, capital of Great Britain, SE England, on both sides of the Thames River. Greater London (1991 pop. 6,378,600), c.620 sq mi (1,610 sq km), consists of the Corporation of the City of London (1991 pop. 4,000), usually called the City, plus 32 boroughs. The City is the old city of London and is the modern city's commercial center; it is also referred to as the “Square Mile” because of its area. The 12 inner boroughs that surround the City are Westminster, Camden, Islington, Hackney, Tower Hamlets, Greenwich, Lewisham, Southwark, Lambeth, Wandsworth, Hammersmith and Fulham, Kensington and Chelsea. The 20 outer boroughs are Waltham Forest, Redbridge, Havering, Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Sutton, Merton, Kingston upon Thames, Richmond upon Thames, Hounslow, Hillingdon, Ealing, Brent, Harrow, Barnet, Haringey, and Enfield. Greater London includes the area of the former county of London, most of the former county of Middlesex, and areas that were formerly in Surrey, Kent, Essex, and Hertfordshire. Each of the boroughs of Greater London elects a council.

The Greater London Council administered the larger London area until 1986, when it was abolished by the Thatcher government, making London unique as a world metropolis without a central governing unit. In 1999 the Greater London Authority Act reestablished a single local governing body for the Greater London area, consisting of an elected mayor and the London Assembly. Elections were held in 2000, and Ken Livingstone became London's first elected mayor.

Economy

London is one of the world's foremost financial, commercial, industrial, and cultural centers. The Bank of England, Lloyd's, the stock exchange, and numerous other banks and investment companies have their headquarters there, primarily in the City, but increasingly at Canary Wharf. The financial services sector is a major source of overall employment in London.

London still remains one of the world's greatest ports. It exports manufactured goods and imports petroleum, tea, wool, raw sugar, timber, butter, metals, and meat. Consumer goods, clothing, precision instruments, jewelry, and stationery are produced, but manufacturing has lost a number of jobs in the once-dominant textile, furniture, printing, and chemical-processing industries as firms have moved outside the area. Engineering and scientific research are also important to the economy, as is tourism. The city is a hub for road, rail, and air (its airports include Heathrow and Gatwick), and it is now linked to the Continent by a high-speed rail line under the English Channel.

Points of Interest

The best-known streets of London are Fleet Street, the Strand, Piccadilly, Whitehall, Pall Mall, Downing Street, and Lombard Street. Bond and Regent streets and Covent Garden are noted for their shops. Buckingham Palace is the royal family's London residence. Municipal parks include Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, Regent's Park (which houses the London Zoo), and St. James's and Green parks. Museums include the British Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Gallery, the Tate Gallery, the Wallace Collection, the Institute of Contemporary Art, and the Saachi Gallery. London also has numerous commercial art galleries and plays a major role in the international art market.

The British Library, one of the world's great reference resources, is located in London. The city is rich in other artistic and cultural activities. Its approximately 100 theater companies reflect the importance of drama, and it has several world-class orchestras, a well-known opera house, performance halls, and clubs. A working replica of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre opened in 1997. The Univ. of London is the largest in Great Britain, and there are other universities and colleges in the city. The state-owned BBC (British Broadcasting Company) is headquartered in London, and most of the country's national newspapers are published there. The New Scotland Yard, synonymous with criminal investigation, is located in the city. Sporting events draw large support from Londoners who follow cricket, soccer (at Wimbley Stadium), and tennis (including the Wimbledon championship).

History

Little is known of London prior to A.D. 61, when, according to the Roman historian Tacitus, the followers of Queen Boadicea rebelled and slaughtered the inhabitants of the Roman fort Londinium. Roman authority was soon restored, and the first city walls were built, remnants of which still exist. After the final withdrawal of the Roman legions in the 5th cent., London was lost in obscurity. Celts, Saxons, and Danes contested the general area, and it was not until 886 that London again emerged as an important town under the firm control of King Alfred, who rebuilt the defenses against the Danes and gave the city a government.

London put up some resistance to William I in 1066, but he subsequently treated the city well. During his reign the White Tower, the nucleus of the Tower of London, was built just east of the city wall. Under the Normans and Plantagenets (see Great Britain), the city grew commercially and politically and during the reign of Richard I (1189–99) obtained a form of municipal government from which the modern City Corporation developed. In 1215, King John granted the city the right to elect a mayor annually.

The guilds of the Middle Ages gained control of civic affairs and grew sufficiently strong to restrict trade to freemen of the city. The guilds survive today in 80 livery companies, of which members were once the voters in London's municipal elections. Medieval London saw the foundation of the Inns of Court and the construction of Westminster Abbey. By the 14th cent. London had become the political capital of England. It played no active role in the Wars of the Roses (15th cent.).

The reign of Elizabeth I brought London to a level of great wealth, power, and influence as the undisputed center of England's Renaissance culture. This was the time of Shakespeare (and the Globe Theatre) and the beginnings of overseas trading companies such as the Muscovy Company. With the advent (1603) of the Stuarts to the throne, the city became involved in struggles with the crown on behalf of its democratic privileges, culminating in the English civil war.

In 1665, the great plague took some 75,000 lives. A great fire in Sept., 1666, lasted five days and virtually destroyed the city. Sir Christopher Wren played a large role in rebuilding the city. He designed more than 51 churches, notably the rebuilt St. Paul's Cathedral. Other notable churches include the gothic Southwark Cathedral, St. Paul's Church (1633; designed by Inigo Jones), St. Martin-in-the-Fields (18th cent.), and Westminster Cathedral. Much of the business of London as well as literary and political discussion was transacted in coffeehouses, forerunners of the modern club. Until 1750, when Westminster Bridge was opened, London Bridge, first built in the 10th cent., was the only bridge to span the Thames. Since the 18th cent., several other bridges have been constructed; the Tower Bridge was completed in 1894.

In the 19th cent., London began a period of extraordinary growth. The area of present-day Greater London had about 1.1 million people in 1801; by 1851, the population had increased to 2.7 million, and by 1901 to 6.6 million. During the Victorian era, London acquired tremendous prestige as the capital of the British Empire and as a cultural and intellectual center. Britain's free political institutions and intellectual atmosphere made London a haven for persons unsafe in their own countries. The Italian Giuseppe Mazzini, the Russian Aleksandr Herzen, and the German Karl Marx were among many politically controversial figures who lived for long periods in London.

Many buildings of central London were destroyed or damaged in air raids during World War II. These include the Guildhall (scene of the lord mayor's banquets and other public functions); No. 10 Downing Street, the prime minister's residence; the Inns of Court; Westminster Hall and the Houses of Parliament; St. George's Cathedral; and many of the great halls of the ancient livery companies. Today there are numerous blocks of new office buildings and districts of apartment dwellings constructed by government authorities. The growth of London in the 20th cent. has been extensively planned. One notable feature has been the concept of a “Green Belt” to save certain areas from intensive urban development. In 1982, a tax-free zone in the Docklands in the East End's Tower Hamlets borough was created to stimulate development. Although the Canary Wharf financial center (with Lloyd's futuristic building, opened in 1986) was initially slow to fill, it now rivals the City.

London has an ethnically and culturally diverse population, with large groups of immigrants from Commonwealth nations. South Asian, West Indian, African, and Middle Eastern peoples account for much of the immigrant population. The city is the site of one of the largest Hindu temple complexes and the largest Sikh temple outside India; there also are many mosques, including one of the largest in Europe. With the reestablishment of the city's central government (2000), London built its egg-shaped City Hall (2002), on the south bank of the Thames opposite the Tower of London. The city was the site of the 1908 and 1948 summer Olympic games and will be the site of the 2012 summer games.

伦敦，首都大不列颠，东南英格兰，双方的泰晤士河。大伦敦（ 1991弹出。 6378600 ） ， c.620平方英里（ 1610平方公里） ，由该公司的伦敦金融城（ 1991弹出。 4000 ） ，通常被称为城市，加上32个区。市是老城区的伦敦，是现代城市的商业中心，它也是被称为“平方英里” ，因为它的面积。 12个内城区包围城市的威斯敏斯特大教堂，卡姆登，伊斯灵顿，哈克尼，伦敦塔桥，格林威治，刘易舍姆，南华，兰贝斯，旺兹沃思，哈默史密斯和富勒姆，肯辛顿和切尔西队。 20外区的沃尔瑟姆森林， Redbridge ， Havering ，门口和Dagenham ，纽汉，贝克斯利，布罗姆利，克罗伊登，萨顿，默顿，金士顿对泰晤士，里士满泰晤士河畔， Hounslow ， Hillingdon ，伊灵，布伦特，哈罗，巴尼特， Haringey ，和恩菲尔德。包括大伦敦地区的前县伦敦，最前的米德尔塞克斯县，和领域，以前在萨里，肯特，埃塞克斯，以及赫特福德郡。每个区的大伦敦议会选举产生。

大伦敦理事会管理的大伦敦地区，直到1986年，当时它被废除的撒切尔政府，使伦敦作为一个独特的世界大都市没有一个中央理事单位。在1999年，大伦敦管理局法重新确立一个单一的地方的管治机构，大伦敦地区，组成一个民选市长和伦敦大会。选举是在2000年举行，并肯利文斯通成为伦敦的第一位民选市长。

经济

伦敦是世界最重要的金融，商业，工业和文化中心。英格兰银行，劳埃德公司，证券交易所，以及众多的其他银行和投资公司的总部都设存在，主要是在城市，但在越来越多的加那利码头。金融服务业是一个主要来源，总的就业在伦敦。

伦敦仍然是世界上最大的港口。它的出口制成品和进口石油，茶叶，羊毛，原糖，木材，黄油，金属，和肉类。消费品，服装，精密仪器，首饰，文具生产，但生产已经失去了一些就业机会，曾经占主导地位的纺织，家具，印刷，化工等加工行业的公司都搬到以外的地区。工程和科研也很重要的经济，这是旅游业。城市是一个枢纽的公路，铁路和航空（其包括伦敦希思罗机场和盖特威克） ，现在是与欧洲大陆的高速铁路线下的英吉利海峡。

兴趣点

最有名的街头，伦敦的舰队街，东街，皮卡迪利，白厅，波迈，唐宁街，和伦巴第街。 007和丽晶街上和科芬园是指出他们的商店。白金汉宫是王室在伦敦居住。市政公园包括海德公园，肯辛顿花园，摄政公园（该房屋的伦敦动物园） ，以及圣雅各福群和绿色公园。博物馆包括大英博物馆，维多利亚和阿尔伯特博物馆，国家美术馆，泰特美术馆的，收集的华莱士，该研究所的当代艺术，并Saachi画廊。伦敦还拥有众多的商业艺术画廊和中起着重要作用的国际艺术品市场。

大英图书馆，一个世界上最伟大的参考资源，设在伦敦。这座城市有着丰富的艺术和其他文化活动。它的大约100个剧团反映的重要性，戏剧，它有几个世界一流的乐团，一个众所周知的歌剧院，性能会堂，和俱乐部。一个工作副本的莎士比亚环球剧场在1997年开放。该大学。伦敦是全球最大的大不列颠，还有其他高校的城市。国有英国广播公司（英国广播公司）是总部设在伦敦，大多数国家的报纸刊登有。新苏格兰场，同义词，刑事调查，位于城市。体育赛事吸引大批来自伦敦支持谁的后续板球，足球（上Wimbley体育场）和网球（包括温布尔登锦标赛） 。

历史

目前还不知道伦敦之前，公元61时，根据罗马史学家塔西图，追随者女王Boadicea反抗和屠杀居民的罗马堡伦迪尼乌姆。罗马当局尽快恢复，并第一次城墙建成，残余仍然存在。在最后撤离的罗马军团中的第5次以上。 ，伦敦是默默无闻的损失。凯尔特人，撒克逊人，和丹麦有争议的一般地区，但直到886 ，伦敦再次成为一个重要城市的公司控制的国王阿尔弗雷德，谁重建的防御丹麦人并给出了城市政府。

伦敦提出了一些阻力威廉一世在1066年，但他后来处理以及城市。在他统治的白塔，核心的伦敦塔，是建立以东的城墙。根据诺曼和金雀花（见英国） ，城市增长的商业和政治统治期间的理查一世（ 1189年至1199年）获得某种形式的市政府从城市的现代企业发展。在1215年，约翰国王授予城市的权利，选出一个市长每年。

该行中世纪控制了公民事务和成长足够强大的贸易限制，以自由人的城市。该行今天在生存80涂装公司，其中成员一旦选民在伦敦的市政选举。伦敦看到中世纪的基础，如法院和建设的威斯敏斯特教堂。到14日左右。伦敦已成为政治资本的英格兰队。它没有发挥积极的作用，玫瑰战争（第15次以上。 ） 。

统治的伊丽莎白一世伦敦带来一定程度的巨大财富，权力和影响力是无可争议中心英格兰的文艺复兴时期的文化。这是莎士比亚的时间（与环球剧院） ，并开始了海外贸易公司，如公司的番鸭。随着（ 1603 ）的斯图亚特王朝的王位，成为该市参与斗争的皇冠代表其民主的特权，最终在英文的内战。

在1665年，伟大的鼠疫采取了一些75000的生命。伟大的火灾9月， 1666年，历时5天，并几乎被摧毁的城市。克里斯托弗爵士雷恩发挥了很大的作用在重建的城市。他设计了超过51个教堂，尤其是重建的圣保罗大教堂。其他值得注意的教会包括哥特式南华克大教堂，圣保罗教堂（ 1633 ;设计Inigo琼斯） ，圣马丁式场（第18次以上。 ）和威斯敏斯特大教堂。许多企业在伦敦以及文学和政治的讨论是在咖啡馆交易，先行者的现代俱乐部。直到1750年，当威斯敏斯特桥被打开时，伦敦桥，首先建立在10以上。是唯一的桥梁，横跨泰晤士河。自18以上。 ，其他一些桥梁已建成的伦敦塔桥是在1894年完成。

在19以上。伦敦开始一段非同寻常的增长。该地区目前的大伦敦大约有110万人在1801年，由1851年，人口已增至270万美元，和1901年以660万美元。在维多利亚时代，伦敦获得了巨大的威望和资本的大英帝国作为一个文化和知识中心。英国的自由政治制度和智力的气氛中取得伦敦避风港不安全的人在自己的国家。意大利朱塞佩马志尼，俄罗斯亚历山大赫尔岑，德国人卡尔马克思在许多政治上有争议的人物谁住了很长时间在伦敦。

许多建筑物的伦敦市中心被摧毁或损坏的空袭，在第二次世界大战期间。这些措施包括市政厅（现场，市长的宴请和其他公共职能） ;唐宁街10号首相官邸;的律师学院;西敏寺大厅和议会两院;圣乔治大教堂和许多伟大的大厅古老的涂装公司。今天，有许多区块的新办公楼和公寓区的住宅建造的政府当局。生长在伦敦20以上。已被广泛计划。一个显着特点一直是概念的“绿化地带” ，以节省某些地区从密集的城市发展。在1982年，免税区，在港区东端的伦敦塔桥区的设立是为了促进发展。虽然金丝雀码头金融中心（与劳合社的未来建设，于1986年开设）最初是缓慢的，以填补，但现在城市的竞争对手。

伦敦有一个种族和多元文化的人口，大群体的移民英联邦国家。南亚，西印度，非洲和中东地区人民帐户的大量移民人口。城市是该网站的一个最大的印度教庙宇的配合和最大的锡克庙印度之外;也有许多清真寺，其中包括欧洲最大的。随着重建城市的中央政府（ 2000年） ，伦敦建立了自己的蛋型大会堂（ 2002年） ，南岸的泰晤士河对面的伦敦塔。城市是该网站的1908年和1948年夏季奥运会，将现场的2012年夏季奥运会。